The region possesses an incredibly rich history, which is reflected in Merv’s diverse background. [32] Moscow, believing that he was referring to an unfriendly statement between Spain and Russia, cited the Spanish ambassador to Russia, Fernando Valderrama Pareja, to express the disappointment of Borrell's words. 1785 “Prescribing Fixed Terms for the AFP Chief of Staff and other key officers of the AFP” chaired by Sen. Richard Gordon held its first public hearing. Along with the previously gathered documentation, these acquisitions from Russia served as a solid foundation for further developing the Hoover Library collection. In the last 4000 years, possession of the region has changed hands many times, solidifying the importance of the region in history. Thus began the cyclical pattern of Russian retribution and propaganda campaigns leading to Chechen ambushes and raids which in turn provoked another Russian response. [9][10] Soon, however, the same leaders began gradual reestablishment of contacts. For several years Hoover has been building an archival collection of political party documents from postcommunist Russia and other former Soviet republics. Both were soon recalled to Moscow and executed for an alleged Trotskist conspiracy.[1]. Dudayev was elected president on October 27, and declared independence shortly thereafter, on November 2. Given the dangerously high risk that a nuclear weapon could be used today, and the catastrophic consequences if tha…, Support the Mission of the Hoover Institution, Battlegrounds: International Perspectives, Twelve Years of Cooperation With the Russian Archives, Paris files of the Imperial Russian secret police (Okhrana), materials assembled by Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Archives of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet State, Restoring Quality Health Care, 2nd Edition, Separatist movements and the nationality question (including the "Ukrainian Tsentral'na Rada," the Ukrainian National Republic, the Western Ukrainian Republic, the Transcaucasian Republics, and the Basmachi in Central Asia), The New Economic Policy (NEP) period, 1921–1927, The peasant question and collectivization (especially in Ukraine and Kazakhstan), The Soviet Communist Party (including minutes of partycongresses, plenums, secretariat documents, etc. The files of this organization are a unique source on the internal operations of the revolution. In the 11th century, Merv was captured by the Seljuk Empire. Official contacts between Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow go back to 1519, when King Charles I of Spain notified Grand Duke Vasili III of Russia of his ascension to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V. In 1523, Yakov Polushkin delivered Vasili's response to the court at Valladolid, thus becoming the first Russian envoy to Spain. This pressure led to the remarkable success of the Naqshbandiyya tariqa in the Caucasus. They were delivered to Cadiz in February 1818. “The removal of the Navy from Sangley will mean the following: removal of a sentinel guarding the entrance to Manila, removal of a logistics and operations hub for Philippine Navy ships…” he said. This was accompanied by an overall desire to change the official versions of Chechen and Ingush Soviet-era history, which had as its basis that the Chechens and Ingush had ‘voluntarily joined’ Russia. The differences and internal disputes of any country must be resolved based on the Constitution, laws and dialogue between the political forces”. [1] Apart from these two conflicts, relationships were uneventful; the two countries were never engaged in direct war against each other. Also during The next few years were spent consolidating power, using the ÁVH secret police to suppress political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture. Another extremely valuable collection on revolutionary Russia consists of rare materials assembled by Boris I. Nicolaevsky, a prominent Menshevik during the Russian Revolution. In the 19th century, the region was incorporated into the territory of Imperial Russia and became part of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR) after the Russian revolution. Premodern Chechnya [Seth Lacy] The Russian state first showed interest in Chechnya after the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan under the reign of Ivan IV. These anti-Islam efforts coupled with collectivization led to two insurrections by Shita Istamulov, which required massive resources to quell, and included the arrests of as many as 35,000 arrested as ‘kulaks‘. Returned to Moscow when his son Michael was elected tsar and was enthroned at patriarch in 1619. Evidence of a major settlement in the Merv region suggests the presence of a large population. During the Napoleonic Wars the two countries were both allies and foes, but never engaged each other directly. Diss. 77, Issue 8). [1][3], Regular embassies of the two countries were established by Peter I of Russia and Philip V of Spain in 1722; in 1723, Russia also opened a consulate in Cádiz. [23] In April 1994 president Boris Yeltsin became the first Russian head of state to pay a state visit to Spain. Though the Russians did eventually take Grozny, the Chechens regained control on 6th August 1996. There is always an interest in moving forward, promoting our relationship and friendship. Muslim built a new city west of Gyaur Kala, the Sultan Kala, which became a major  “centre of Muslim scholarship, with many famous libraries” (Cyark). Following Mongol occupation, the city and surrounding region was required to pay tribute to the Mongol leader Ghengis Khan and his son, Tolui Khan. [14], The two countries signed an agreement on foreign trade in 1972. Not until Krushchev took power was this acknowledged as a crime, and the Chechens were only allowed to return home beginning in 1957. Your gift helps advance ideas that promote a free society. Before proceeding further, allow me to share some brief history notes. Up to 7000 people likely lived in the central settlement, known today as Gonur. ", Simão, Licínia. Drawing of a Red Army soldier brandishing a sword over a pile of White generals to get to Donets, Russia, 1920. This ‘collaboration’ served as the premise for the massive deportation ordered by Stalin in 1944. He was an advocate of the Naqshbandiyya tariqa of Sufi Islam, and stressed the value of Shari’a law over the pursuit of Gazavat (a form of Jihad). But this can only be done if we have continuity and stability of tenure in the AFP leadership. [31], In 2016, the Spanish Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Ignacio Ybanez, told NATO officials Spain's support for constructive relations and cooperation between Russia and NATO, so the country defends the continuation of the political dialogue, said the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [21] The building was initially designed by painter Ilya Glazunov; Glazunov later contributed interior design, building structure was redesigned by architect Anatoly Polikarpov. As in the past, these actions only ended up fomenting further resistance rather than discouraging it. There were museum exhibition exchanges and several visits between the two countries' leaders including Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, and Spanish King Juan Carlos I. The numbers were staggering: between 475-500,000 were deported by the NKVD beginning in February. Twelve Years of Cooperation With the Russian Archives (PDF) discusses Hoover's various microfilm, oral history, and publishing initiatives involving Russian archives since the 1990s. Both men, particularly Krassovsky (1924–47), contributed substantially to the growth and quality of the collection. referring to the first solution. Other nobility represented in the collection include Princess Barbara Dolgorouky, Baroness Maria F. Meiendorf, the Cherkasskii family, and the Obolenskii family. It would remain religious capital of the empire for over 200 years. In 600 BC, the region was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched across central Asia, connecting Turkey and India. Gyaur Kala became a major regional administrative center for the Sassanid Empire, functioning as strategic military post for various campaigns across Central Asia. [27] In 2008, according to Dmitry Medvedev, foreign trade levelled at 2 billion Euro (less than 1% of either country's foreign trade) while that between Russia and other countries comparable to Spain is measured in tens of billion euro. His clay once stretched from Europe all the way across the continents of Asia into North America. The second solution, I opened the Array Configuration Utility and checked my arrays. [10] After Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin's cult of personality, Rákosi was ultimately removed from power and replaced by the reformist Imre Nagy, who attempted to take Hungary out of the Soviet bloc. Another issue that was the subject of much discussion was the proposed tenure of office of the PMA superintendent. So many issues involving defense and security tend to get lost or set aside when frequent and short term changes are carried out at the top. Underfed, many died en route to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzia, where they were resettled.